Surface agitation & gaseous exchange in CO2 injected tanks
Surface agitation in a planted aquarium - yes or not ? This page explores why having some surface agitation and turnover is actually useful in planted tanks and actually makes tuning CO2 to optimal levels more easy.
www.2hraquarist.com
the diagram in the linked page shows how the flow reaches the substrate level - which implies that the flow has to be pretty strong in order to achieve that.
In UKAPS there are also discussions about the use of a spraybar as helping with flow to the substrate level.
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