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Hi all, I'm pleased you found it useful. I'm ridiculously proud of the "Duckweed Index". That may relate to the sand substrate, just purely <"because the processes"> that might make iron (Fe) plant available hadn't had time to develop. Do you know if you have hard alkaline tap water? I know...

Hi all, I'd guess it should be all right, they are compromised fish in ways that your other fish won't be. I'd follow the recommendations in <"Apistogramma and Dwarf Cichlid Aquarium Care"> they have served me well. They were the first fish I was ever successful with, plants, soft, acidic...

Hi all, It is a real shame, but they are just <"horrible unhealthy things">, even the normal type ones, and as soon as you get into colour forms and short bodied fish it is even worse - <"What's wrong with my Ram? White lump on head..">. They are fish (along with <"Dwarf Gourami">) where it is...

Hi all, I don't <"normally comment"> on these sorts of threads, but that is some fantastic rock. cheers Darrel

Hi all, Welcome to UKAPS. Would you like to tell us a bit about your planted tanks? The thread is from 2016, so I'm going to guess that the wait has been long enough. That just isn't true. I think we are quite good with our advice about tank maturity. In terms of scientific research on...

Hi all, I always <"work on the theory"> that every, tank related, thing I could ever need is on UKAPS, it is just a <"case of finding it">. First thing to say is that if you <"understand the scientific method">, are used to using serial dilution etc, you have a much better chance of getting...

Hi all, There is definitely more to that than just the sand substrate. I'm not personally a great fan of <"controlled release fertiliser root tabs">, or of <"most test kits"> for water quality. I'd really like to know what the water parameters are in my tanks, but <"I have a practical...

...This may also be useful for those who feel the need to add "nitrifying bacteria "<"Dr Timothy Hovanec's comments about Bacterial supplements">. *Urakawa, H. & Sipos, A. (2020)<"Application of the consortia of nitrifying archaea and bacteria for fish transportation may be beneficial for fish...

Hi all, We have a <"few threads"> where people have <"grown them accidently">. I think the common thread is probably hard water, but this suggests it isn't a pre-requisite <"Hildenbrandia rivularis">. This gorgeous, red plush, velvet cushion belongs to @EA James. cheers Darrel

Hi all, Electronics and aquaculture apparently. https://atlas-scientific.com/ Cheers Darrel

Hi all, I also have soft water and very little / no <"Green Spot Algae"> (GSA). cheers Darrel

...x 1000 = 10,000,000 litres (kg) of water in the pond. Then we have 350 mg O2 used per kg and a 1000 kg in a tonne, so the tonne of fish use 350 * 10000 mg O2 per hour = 350,000 mg O2 per hour. Then you just need to sort of the "figures of ten" (350,000 / 10,000,000) to 0.035 and 0.035 * 24...

Hi all, That is it really. @Happi posted how they got around the issue of replication in <"My thoughts so far">. I know that we all tend to have <"faith positions">, usually based on our experiences, but they aren't always optimal, or we might not understand why something <"new to us"> works...

...Produce Oxygen For Fish In Aquariums? | Atlas Scientific"> And they claim to be <"experts">. I'll try posting on their blog and see what happens*. I should say that I also like <"some water movement">. I see a <"large gas exchange surface to volume ratio"> as an unalloyed god thing. *This...

Hi all, Try it again at 40% intensity? That is the point I've always tried to put over to the unconvinced, that plants are <"massively net oxygen producers">. When I started on this journey I had expected that this would be the <"consensus amongst serious aquarists">, but I met a lot of...

Hi all, As long as the <"rhizome is still hard and green">? The plant should re-leaf. If the entire rhizome goes yellow, or is mushy, the plant is dead. cheers Darrel

Hi all, Good on you, open source is the true spirit of UKAPS <"GitHub: Let’s build from here">. Cheers Darrel

Hi all, They aren't really an algae eater, although they will scrape algae from hard surfaces at night. I often see them on the aquarium glass feeding, but I can't actually see what they are feeding on. You can just trap them, if you use a net the shrimps will swim off and you can remove the...

Hi all, Because UKAPS is the fount of all knowledge, <"Only Fools and Horses"> gets a <"few mentions">. cheers Darrel

Hi all, Welcome to UKAPS, I think you need a German speaking Discus keeper to advise you (I am neither), but I don't think the low electrical conductivity is a problem. I've kept L129 (Hypancistrus debilittera <"https://www.planetcatfish.com/common/species.php?species_id=211">) and they are...

Hi all, Yes that is it, pH isn't a useful measurement in RO because of the lack of solutes. You can just ignore the pH of the RO, it is a blank slate. No need to be, the pH reduction due to CO2 addition doesn't reduce the alkalinity, you just have more Total Inorganic Carbon (TIC) <"dissolved...

Hi all, They are gorgeous little fish <"corydoras hastatus">. cheers Darrel

Hi all, Possibly, if it really was Lemna minor? It might <"put off punters"> and you wouldn't get any repeat sales? But on the other hand "pump in a bucket" will be indestructible (and last for ever), so we wouldn't get any repeat sales any way. It is a difficult one. Free <"Secret...

Hi all, The problem is <"with the lack of solutes"> in the RO <"water">, it just means that pH is a moveable feast. It shouldn't be, you could only get a higher pH value if you weren't at equilibrium with atmospheric CO2 levels, e.g. CO2 levels were below the equilibrium point. That sounds...

Hi all, I think you are right, by the time you can <"detect ammonia">? It is already too late. That is just fantastic. I genuinely think it could be, the aquarium market wouldn't be huge, but there are applications in aquaculture and waste water management. Aquaponics might be an option...

Hi all, I understand where you are coming from, but they will be different in shade. The green colour comes from the mix of protonated (yellow) and unprotonated (blue) <"bromothymol blue"> molecules. You definitely can differentiate differing shades of green <"The scientific background to the...

Hi all, That is a good question and I'm not sure there is an exact definition. I've regarded "active soils" as substrates that reduce hardness and alkalinity via ion exchange - <"ShrimpKing Active Soil 8 l">, and "plant growth substrates" as substrates where those ion exchange sites have...

Hi all, It might be, it is certainly <"worth trying">. You tend to get a lot of black <"tea grout"> faeces with all crustaceans (including shrimps and Asellus), and I'm not sure the MTS (Melanoides tuberculata) will be interested in these, they don't have a <"lot of food value"> left. cheers...

Hi all, I'm a <"pest snail"> fan. I would never be without them. cheers Darrel

Hi all, <"Asellus aquaticus"> would be another "and/ or" option. They aren't to everyone's taste, but they are a very low maintenance tank addition and are <"detritus shredders">. cheers Darrel

Hi all, I love mine <"Filter recommendations for 30l tank.">. Yes. <"Both">. cheers Darrel

Hi all, It is <"this bit">: It isn't a route <"I would want to go down">, but it goes back to some of Diana Walstad's <"original ideas">. The fluid could be anything carbon rich with <"lots of oxidisable material"> in it. Cheers Darrel

Hi all, It is a similar question to <"are these rocks suitable for my aquarium?"> If you already have hard, alkaline water? Then any limestone rocks you add won't make it any harder. It is the same with your substrate, once the H+ ions have all been replaced with calcium ions (Ca++) ions etc...

Hi all, That is <"somewhere near"> what @Roland uses. This was his fertiliser list: I have no interest in <"optimal plant growth">, (or <"difficult plants">), but I'd say that this would be pretty near optimal. cheers Darrel

...they give values for some of the other basic anions. I'm not a CO2 user, but if I was? I'd be keener <"on using a drop-checker">. I know @LMuhlen isn't a <"drop checker fan">*, so they may be able to add some practical experience of using a pH meter. *Edit <"Scrub that"> cheers Darrel

Hi all, What Ollie says, just remove them. cheers Darrel

Hi all, Welcome to UKAPS, I'm sorry to hear of your troubles. As the other have said bacterial issues are difficult to treat and often a sign of some underlying problem, all you can really do is try and keep levels of ammonia etc as low as possible and dissolved oxygen levels high. I add...

Hi all, Probably wise. cheers Darrel

Hi all, We don't know where the "3 ppm CO2", (and <"30 ppm CO2"> extrapolated from it) came from. Do you know @hax47 ? All the references go back to <"George and Karla Booth"> <"Estimating CO2 injection rates in ml per minute"> The "three ppm" figure is widely used, even in the scientific...

Hi all, I would adjust the light intensity and duration until you get to ~8 mg / L dissolved oxygen (DO) towards the end of the photoperiod. If you don't add CO2 you may find that the pH will rise rapidly as photosynthesis depletes the available CO2. I don't supplement CO2, so I use <"water...

Hi all, Active substrates (substrates that exchange a H+ ion for a calcium ion (Ca++) from the water column) will be exhausted a lot more quickly in harder water, they will stop having a water softening effect, but it doesn't really matter. It would stay "active" for longer, have a look at...

Hi all, I've seen a lot worse. It is a robust system, and that is what is important, not the "lack of water changes" etc. <"No tech nano">. Yes, but you would need to add fertiliser eventually. I never break my tanks down, so the lab. tanks have been set-up for ~10 years. This tank had a very...

Hi all, That is very relevant, along <"with it being a tall tank"*> (I assume it is this tank?). The tank dimensions, with the 50 cm height, means that you have a relatively small surface area to volume ratio and the smaller gas exchange surface area, unsurprisingly, reduces gas exchange. If...

Hi all, Yes. Is it a deep tank in relation to its length and breadth? Cheers Darrel

Hi all, That looks <"about right">, but you can actually <"check for yourself"> using the Rotala Butterfly nutrient calculator <"Nutrient Dosing Calculator">. I'd probably aim for 5 mg / L (ppm) Mg. If we went with @John q quantities, you can just do some mental arithmetic, it is all just...

Hi all, That is what I meant. I think that is the real issue, I really want to know what the tank water pH is, but I'm very wary of the values given by <"any single pH meter">. A drop checker, or a conductivity meter, doesn't give you fine scale resolution, but it does give you a value that...

Hi all, That would concern me a bit especially combined with your CO2 drop checker <"not fully degassing overnight">. They do, but they are <"massively net oxygen producers">, so without the oxygen from photosynthesis things are actually likely to have been worse. It depends a little bit on...

Hi all, "Epsom Salts" are only 10% magnesium (Mg), because of the "<"water of crystallization"> the "7H2O" in MgSO4.7H2O. Cheers Darrel

Hi all, The "problem" is really the pH meter, you just don't know if any of those readings are correct or incorrect. Because of the log10 nature of the pH scale when you are around pH7 small differences in water chemistry make large differences in pH <"CO2 tuning - need help">. You need @Andy...

Hi all, Yes it is, the better meters have this <"two point calibration">. cheers Darrel

Hi all, You need to <"recalibrate the pH meter every time you use it">. They are quite complicated bits of kit. Have a look at <"C02 injection with already low ph"> and subsequent posts. I'm not a CO2 user for a <"number of reasons">, but if I was I would use a drop checker <"and aim for ~15...

Hi all, You can basically ignore <"all the pH readings for the tap, tank water etc">. The drop checker has 4 dKH fluid and a narrow range pH indicator, bromothymol blue. Only gases can diffuse across the air gap and when the fluid in drop checker is yellow? You have at least 30 ppm CO2...

Hi all, I thought I'd just edited the post from 2021, but I seem to have reposted it........ but yes I'm still p*ssed off. Cheers Darrel

Hi all, I'm sure you <"you are right"> and <"presence of pearling"> is pretty <"conclusive evidence"> that you have comfortably exceeded LCP, but it also illustrates some of the problems <"with making recommendations"> about light brightness. If you aren't worshiping at Clive's <"Klingon...

Hi all, He seems healthy enough, other than the fins, so I wonder if they have been fighting and that accounts for the fin damage? cheers Darrel

<"Non-aquatic">, it is a variegated Dracaena. I must admit this really <"p*sses me off that these plants are still for sale">. cheers Darrel

Hi all, You could. Personally I don't feed the plants on a regular basis, so whether I added nutrients, or not, would depend entirely on where <"they sit on the Duckweed Index">. <"If I was in doubt">? I would feed them. cheers Darrel

Hi all, Not in terms of "carpets lead to spike in ammonia" they don't and they can't. Not something I've ever really tried either. This is what Tropica say <"Hemianthus micranthemoides Pearlweed, pear weed - Tropica Aquarium Plants">. cheers Darrel

Hi all, They come with lots of <"different foam cartridges">, I just threw them away and filled it with sintered glass media, but <"any media would do">. Cheers Darrel

Hi all, You are right, it doesn't make sense. It all started with <"Dr Kevin Novak">, and <"he is not a reputable source"> of information. <"Ammonia Time Bomb Carpet">. cheers Darrel

Hi all, "Yes it is" and "no it won't". They are a hermaphrodite and capable of self-fertilization, so in this case one is a (potential) crowd. cheers Darrel

Hi all, Yes, that looks like the filamentous diatom <"Fragilaria (Synedra)">. The only problem is that you only have one. Ignore what any-one else tells you they are an <"unalloyed good thing">. They do. Actually advised to @worthyfella on 11th September <"My personal experience so...

Hi all, That would be my other argument. If the "algae filled soup" happens? You know you had enough light initially and that is a variable you can discount. cheers Darrel

Hi all, I'm pretty sure it is. I always have, at least one, floating plant. My initial theory was that if there is "spare" PAR a plant will use it, and I'd rather that plant <"was a plant">, rather than a green algae. I got the idea from tropical forests, <"where multiple vegetation layers">...

Hi all, Almost certainly. I had initially (naively, I now realise) expected that everyone <"would use a pre-filter">, and was really surprised that most people <"used their canister filters"> to vacuum faeces, waste food, dead leaves etc. and often even saw this as their primary function...

Hi all, I've seen a bit more of them in the last couple of days, but in all cases it has been them chasing a Pygmy Corydoras (Gastrodermus (Corydoras) pygmaeus) around the tank. I have a spare tank at the moment, so one or other of the species will be relocated to it, although catching either...

Hi all, <"Yes and no">, but it doesn't matter what light I use, the <"bottom of my tanks are always"> (and always will be) a <"dark and gloomy place">. I think the fish I keep <"tend to like cover">, so it suits them and <"breaks up line of sight"> etc. The reason I can say "yes" is just...

Hi all, Try <"Tim Addis"> - <"TA-Aquaculture">, he will both sell you some Brine Shrimp Eggs that hatch and give you his "secret" culture method. He is a <"man who can">. cheers Darrel

Hi all, Unfortunately this is probably as good as we've got at the moment. I'll follow the paper and see who cites it. Just conjecture but the section (immediately before the text you quoted) may offer a reason why pre-filter sponges work so efficiently. Which may be why the idea that <"a...

Hi all, I struggle a bit with <"that aspect">, but I know it is <"really important">. That is one reason why I dislike <"the advertising for filter media">, buffers etc, it seems the vendors aim is always to <"obscure what their product does">. If you had a <"good product">, and you had...

Hi all, I wouldn't, just because that runs the risk of falling below Light Compensation Point (LCP) - <"Light Compensation Point and optimal PAR levels">. Same for me, basically "if it ain't broke, don't fix it". I'm pretty sure any cure is likely to be worse than doing nothing. cheers Darrel

Hi all, Unfortunately we still don't have that, mainly because of the <"unknown unknowns">, but that was exactly the idea behind using respirometry. It measures the oxygen usage, rather than trying to measure how much of the TAN (NH3 / NH4+) addition is converted to nitrite (NO2-) & nitrate...

Hi all, I wondered about that, it does seems unlikely. You can find BOD values for carbohydrate rich pollutants, <"like silage effluent">, and they are huge numbers. Which would make sense. That also makes sense. Cheers Darrel

Hi all, The paper, linked in to <"Oase Biomaster Pro 2 - Comming Soon">, gives some figures for oxygen consumption by the varying types of microbe. Wanhe Qi, Peter Vilhelm Skov, Kim João de Jesus Gregersen, Lars-Flemming Pedersen, (2022) <"Estimation of nitrifying and heterotrophic bacterial...

Hi all, I've found a paper that quantifies dissolved oxygen usage, not actually in a canister filter, but very close. Wanhe Qi, Peter Vilhelm Skov, Kim João de Jesus Gregersen, Lars-Flemming Pedersen, (2022) "Estimation of nitrifying and heterotrophic bacterial activity in biofilm formed on...

Hi all, I would, I always run the light fixtures as bright as they will go. If I have more PAR? I just have a higher plant density. I actually like the tanks to get a little oblique sunlight but I've never had a "reef bright" light. Even at this time of year, with the sun at an oblique angle...

Hi all, <"We have a photo for you">. cheers Darrel

Hi all, I think the answer is that you don't have to worry about it, because the microbes <"that were though to occur in our filters">, which had been isolated from sewage sludge and need high ammonia and carbonate hardness. don't actually occur in our filters. This is a quote from Tim...

Hi all, I actually <"arrived at UKAPS"> via <"apistogramma.com">. I think I'm generally better with plants than fish, although I've killed plenty of both. No, <"not particularly">. Personally <"I don't like fine sponge">, but the pre-filter on the OASE filter should negate problems with...

Hi all, I'll keep an eye on them. cheers Darrel

Hi all, <"Asellus aquaticus">, just a <"less attractive shrimp"> really. I have them in <"all my tanks">. Cheers Darrel

Hi all, Definitely a <"real biotope">. cheers Darrel

Hi all, You have <"soft water">, just under 3 dGH. The calculations are here <"Water Reports - the Basics, as I am not getting the math!">. I'm guessing that the Google search is confused by the different units, and the "18.8" refers to 18.8 dGH, rather than 18.8 mg / L (ppm) Ca. What @Zeus...

Hi all, I had a look and no spores on either. Possibly because they are growing fairly strongly vegetatively? I'll see if I can find what conditions are likely to make Nephrolepis ssp. produce spores. cheers Darrel

Hi all, Welcome to UKAPS I think so as well, you can always add extra nutrients (either to the water column, or pushed into the substrate), but <"removing nutrients from the substrate"> is a lot more problematic. cheers Darrel

Hi all, Welcome to UKAPS, that is a good looking tank. A strange question but do you have snails? and an even stranger question what filter media do you have? We have a thread <"Algae after vacation ! Need to revive"> cheers Darrel

Hi all, That is it. You could have a liquid with a very high Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), like <"raw sewage">, where it would be impossible to get enough oxygen into it for <"full nitrification to occur in a sealed container">. Yes. The higher the BOD of the liquid is the <"more oxygen you...

Hi all, It should be OK. It may have had some calcium nitrate (CaNO3.4H2O) impurity in it, that would be a yellow salt. Pure KNO3 is white, but fertiliser grade is often yellowish. <"Dangers of Potassium Nitrate KNO3?"> and <"Potassium Nitrate (KNO3) Purchased from Internet">. cheers Darrel

Hi all, Some chrome and tail-fins might be a new option? By that time the market will have been flooded by "pump in a bucket by luddite" <"Eheim classic thermofilter">. cheers Darrel

Hi all, OK, I've never known a meter like that, but it might depend on the nature of the sensor. I wouldn't have thought so, but you can always check with some aerated RO water. The 100% saturation value should be cheers Darrel

Hi all, That honestly <"looks OK">. Calibration is just in 100% moisture saturated air, so basically you take a sample of RO water, put it in a beaker (where the probe is a fit), give the water a good shake and then place the DO meter in the oxygen (and water vapour) saturated air above the...

Hi all, I think so, too. <"What type?"> The only reason I don't recommend dissolved oxygen meters is <"just the cost">. Not everyone is a fan however and I've never done any real experimentation with them. I used to have <"incredibly polluted water"> to work with, and now I mainly <"work with...

Hi all, I think a lot of us may <"have been there">. cheers Darrel

Hi all, That is what I would try as well. I like <"your thinking">. cheers Darrel

Hi all, I think it might be a better option, I know @Zeus. has regularly microdosed urea (CO(NH2)2) without any issue. I'm pretty sure <"some plants will do much better"> with more urea. I'd guess it is the <"Orchid / Tomato dichotomy"> and somewhere there maybe a happy medium <"where both...

Hi all, I made a mistake when I first used <"Tesco Moler Clay Cat Litter">, I attempted to <"wash out the perfume"> with tap water (~17dGH / 17 dKH) and filled all the cation exchange sites with calcium ions (Ca++) and presumably all the anion exchange sites with bicarbonate (2HCO3-) ions. Next...

Hi all, I guess that is true for a lot of us, but I also think it is dependent upon the stocking density <"Bio Media for Planted Tanks.">. I like a filter for <"belt and braces">. I like to syphon any organic waste, I really don't want it in the filter. I actually have some mulm in the tanks...

Hi all, Osmunda might be interesting. I'll have a look tomorrow. cheers Darrel

Hi all, Honestly surface area is a total red herring, realistically dissolved oxygen is the only parameter that counts. I've had the good / misfortune to visit a lot of sewage works and if you can treat raw sewage without any permanent filter media, but with a huge amount of churn, you can...

Hi all, They are, you need to wash them out of the tubes. The tubes are quite tough, and you may need to pull them apart, some people are allergic to them so best not to handle them. You don't need to. The adults are winged, so they find new "ponds" fairly efficiently. Cheers Darrel